An Untimely Return

After days of contemplating and talking with logistics crews and seasoned polar vets, we have returned to Dartmouth. A major weather system with 50 to 100 mph winds in northwest Greenland unfortunately diverted our travel plans. Although we were unable to travel up north, we were able to have a successful trip by continuing the lake research in the Kangerlussuaq region to better understand the local hydrologic cycle. Annie and I were able to resample all of the lake I had sampled last summer during the IGERT Greenland Seminar and previously sampled in 2009 by Xiahong (with the exception of Lake Ferguson which is across the washed out bridge in town). By measuring the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic composition change of these lakes over the years, we can gain a further understanding of the processes controlling the water balance of the lakes, such as precipitation and evaporation. Because this past year has been very wet, as seen by the amount of standing water and even streams, the water levels of the lakes has increased which should help us learn much more about the local hydrologic processes, since the previous period of time was very dry. We even believe that we sampled some groundwater (or permafrost melt), which is a large unknown in studying Arctic lake water balance.

We will keep everyone updated on potential future plans to return to Greenland and the results of this years lake research in the Kangerlussuaq region. I leave you with the competition between Annie and I of who can take the most “artsy” photographs. Leave your comments on the post!

Artsy photos while we wait…

We’re waiting to hear if the plane can fly to the Thule Air Base. Reports on the weather are varied, some say 100 knot winds, others say less. Either way, they’re stuck in a stagnated low pressure system and it’s questionable if we’ll make it there and back in the next week without serious delays.

While mother nature decides our trajectory, I’ll throw some “artsy” photos at you. As we’ve been sampling and roaming the tundra, Ben has showed some serious interest in taking artsy photos. We thought it would be fun to have a competition, and ask you all to vote on whose “artsy” photos are more visually appealing, compositionally interesting and altogether more artistic. I’ve added 10 of my favorite photos to the photogallery as my submission. Some are repeats from other posts, but take a look! To vote, leave a comment on whoever’s post you like better.

From sunny Kangerlussuaq…

Not a couple of Fair Weather Scientists

Standing water in a previously dry valley

Relative to the sunny, 60 degree (f) days so common (I’m told) to Kangerlussuaq, yesterday was miserable. It was rainy, cold and windy. The warm, dry indoor were tempting, but if we didn’t sample, Ben and I would have no other chance to complete the Kangerlussuaq area lake water isotope dataset for 2012. That’s when we decided that we weren’t just a couple of fair weather scientists.

Although it was rainy, we made the best of it

The plan for the day included sampling seven lakes close to the road, as well as two lakes that required hiking. We drove the little truck out to Kellyville, and filled up on lunch before trouncing across the tundra, our heads bowed against the blowing rain. For the first half hour I was grateful I’d decided to buy the waterproof hiking boots before the trip- life can’t be too bad so long as your feet are warm and dry, right? Well, eventually the tops and the tongue of the boots were soaked, and the water seeped into my shoes. Squish, squish, squish we went across the tundra. I felt like a cat in a shower, but we persevered and obtained the samples. I’m not sure there’s a better feeling than the dry and warm after a cold wet hike with a little afternoon nap thrown in for extra cush.

This meant that our time with the beloved Toyota HILUX was over. Or so we THOUGHT…

This morning we awoke to beautiful blue skies and some great news- the folks that had rented (and paid for- the little truck was $150/day) were held up elsewhere. Our little Toyota was available and paid for with NOBODY to drive it!

Under the gorgeous blue skies, light winds and 60 degree temperatures we romped around the tundra. In our last five days, Ben had seen only two Musk-Oxen. He kept mentioning his hope to see more, and maybe some up close. We could only hope… Our first hike was to Russell Glacier- the views were stupendous- pictures tell a better story than I can describe. On our return hike we spotted from afar a small arctic fox. All the while Ben hoped to see some Musk-Oxen. Instead we saw a Peregrine Falcon on our drive to our next hike.

Look who we found!

Our second hike was from the IGERT campsite, up to the ice edge, next to the little ice age moraine and around to some nearby lakes. The chilly meltwater streams spilling from the glacial lakes were so full that we had to cross barefoot. We kept our eyes peeled for Musk Ox and instead saw Caribou and stumbled upon Julia BC and Courtney H clambering on the moraine. We joined them for a trundle session before continuing our journey. Still no Musk-oxen… We paused for snacks overlooking a final meltwater lake adjacent to the glacier, convinced we’d see a herd of the beasts stumping over the horizon any moment. Although we savored the tranquility of the scene, we were not so lucky as to see the Musk-Oxen.

From our drive with Eric Lutz

Upon our return to KISS we found fellow Dartmouther, Eric Lutz had arrived from Thule. We had dinner at the Polar Bear Inn and took him for a ride around the area in the HILUX. He commented that the scenery reminded him lots of New Zealand and snapped photos safari-style out the passenger window. He also gave me some (much needed) pointers on smooth shifting and how the engine should sound. On our return from Long Lake we saw an arctic hare and another mottled arctic fox flying across the tundra. But still no Musk-oxen. Somehow I think that the more you look for an animal, the less you are likely to find it.

Tomorrow, if the weather clears (as we’ve heard it’s a terrible storm in Thule) we should fly to Thule and stay overnight. Wish us luck on our next leg of the adventure!

A little (bad) joke for all you glaciologists before I sign off…

Hey Ben, you’re supposed to milk the cow, not the calve!

Visiting the ice edge and other adventures

Come and See the Ice!

Two days in a row now I’ve visited the ice’s edge. The first day I was invited to join Judd, Jack, Allan and co. for a field trip. When else would I have the chance to spend hours rubbing shoulders (literally- the back seat of the truck was a tight squeeze for three) with fellows so knowledgeable about Greenland and Glaciology. Our trip was far from a science lecture though- these men were out to have a field day!

These Musk-Oxen are pretending to be rocks

At one point on the drive back Jack convinced us that there were two Musk-Ox right on the side of the road. Everyone had cameras at the ready, laughing with anticipation and joking about Nat. Geo. As we descended the hill, bumping along in our little Toyota truck, it became apparent that the Musk-Oxen were actually rocks. After that we joked about the “herds of rocks” huddling together for safety and decided that the rocks were pretending to be Musk-Ox and the Musk-Ox were pretending to be rocks.

… Transition to the Science…

Ben and I sampled lakes, measured water temperatures, recorded lat/longs and measured wind speeds

Today Ben and I sampled lakes as well as what may be groundwater or standing precipitation, hiked and did some sightseeing. We hoped in vain for a close up of Musk-Oxen, but at least were able to see some Caribou. Although it was overcast and windy (wind steady at 6 m/s gusting to 10 m/s) We had an enjoyable and tiring day, with many a photo snapped (too many beautiful ones to share them all…) and a few rocks trundled.

It’s hard to see from this angle, but the ice all lines up with the (presumably) high water level.

My personal accomplishment for the day was driving the little stick shift Toyota truck around. In spite of learning to drive stick about a week before arriving in Greenland, I quickly got the hang of charging up and over the steep and rocky hills that the rocky dirt road wound around and over. There were very few stalls and we didn’t get stuck once!

On a little excursion down a valley toward the ice edge we discovered an ice dammed lake that had recently drained. All that remained was a high water line and a field of ice chunks for exploring! We also witnessed a calving event from afar.

 

A few ice shots for you before I sign off…

We have some hypothesis about how these mud piles are formed

Cool little bubbles in the ice

It was suggested that I tube down this tiny cold river into the ice cave

Arrival in Kangerlussuaq

Between my first flight on an LC-130 and my first visit to Greenland, I’d call yesterday a big day. We were up early- 4:30am – to check in and check our bags. Following that, we had waiting and social time where I learned what life’s like for a NOAA instrument technician. You have to be able to overwinter at Summit or Antarctica, you don’t need to own a home, all of your stuff is stored at different ends of the earth, and you can do some really sweet trips in your off time. It’s a different, but neat way of living.

The novelty of flying with the Air National Guard balanced the constant vibration and roaring engines that underscored our seven hour flight (pics). Lenny, one of the crewmembers, shared some shouted stories (over then engines and through the earplugs) and humor. Some highlights of the flight included a quick refuel in the Happy Valley (Goose Bay, Canada) that included ice cream bars, and the views of the islands (pic) and a glacier close to the edge of the mainland.

Upon landing we picked up another passport stamp, settled in, and walked to the Fjord to check out the destroyed bridge. The bridge was destroyed (pic) during a period of extreme melt earlier this summer. The rising water took a tractor with it- fortunately the tractor driver jumped out and ran just prior to the vehicle being washed away.

Since arrival we’ve rested (I slept a full night, followed by a 2 hour morning nap!), prepared for a third year of lake sampling for isotopic analysis (I’ll leave Ben to discuss this further) and talked a lot about science with the other scientists here at KISS. There are researchers looking at microbes in subglacial flow and studying caribou ecology, as well as a team of overwintering instrument technicians headed to Summit for the next four months, CPS staff members,  (a big thank you goes to Katrine Gorham for her help organizing our trip!) and Jack Dibb, among others. As with the rest of the world, the Olympics is an important  nucleating agent- as I type, the men’s 5000 meter is taking place.

We’re going to drink some Greenlandic beers tonight and hike Sugarloaf tomorrow, if the weather clears.

All for now!

On the Road Again

Four hours airtime and two time zones west, and we were back in Yakutsk. We found the hotel at the airport, “Liner Hotel”. Luckily, we did get a room and even got a free breakfast in the morning before 5 am! By 0545 LT, we were in the airport to check in for our Moscow flight.

After 8 hours in the air and six more time zones westward, we reached Moscow at 0900 LT. What a relief to see our old taxi driver, Arthur, waiting for us at the airport! He dropped us at the Katerina-City Hotel, located on the bank of the Moscow River in a fairly convenient, downtown location. It’s very well-maintained, and the rates include one of the finest, most diverse breakfast buffets we’ve eaten.

Whiplashed by the forward-backward time changes, Eric pretty much dropped like a ton of bricks until Saturday 23 June. When he arose from hibernation, we walked to the nearby Novospassky Monastery, not one of the largest, but certainly very fine architecturally and artistically. We were impressed at the degree of piety in at least some of the population after generations of religious suppression under Stalinist communism. To balance things out, we visited the single surviving synagogue in Moscow (actually just outside the city limits due to the prohibition on Jewish residency or religious observance inside the city). It has a beautiful, eastern-style interior. The atmosphere was peaceful, contemplative, and studious, typical of synagogues everywhere on Sabbath afternoons between morning and evening services.

Leaving Cherskiy

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Performances showing different costumes

June 21 was our last day at Cherskiy and it was also a big annual Sakha holiday, celebrating, among other things, the summer solstice. There was a local gathering at Cherskiy with interesting performances. There was a wide variety of costumes. One can definitely recognize the Mongolian influence in the dresses.

It was a little chilly and we needed to pack to leave later that day, so we didn’t stay until the end of the show. There were sport competitions after the performances. The organizer asked him before the competition what would he like this year, a DVD player or a coffee maker. He chose the coffee maker, to go with the three pounds of coffee we brought them.  Nikita is so strong he wins something every year, but will be required to sit it out next year to give others a chance.

It is a warm, small community. The people all know each other, and seem to enjoy their lifestyle, so very different from Moscow. Even though they derive from all parts of the former Soviet Union, and have different mother tongues and customs, the strong force of their existence is their unifying common experience in one isolated, small town facing one of the world’s harshest climates. We feel sad to have to leave after such as short visit.

Because of the holiday, our flight was full.  We would have an over 10 hours of wait at Yakutsk for the next flight to Moscow, but didn’t have a hotel reservation. We were told that it’s unlikely we would even be able to get a taxi into town because of the festivities. There is a hotel right at the airport, but it takes no reservations, so we didn’t expect to find an available room, there. We might end up sleeping in chairs in the airport in order to check in at 6 am the next morning for our Moscow connection.

Our Work at Cherskiy

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The first lake we sampled in Cherskiy

On the day of our arrival, there was enough time to take a short hike to a nearby lake which we sampled for water isotopes.  We find the taiga – boreal larch forests interspersed with willows and a myriad of shrubs and flowering plants – to be beautiful.  It’s difficult to look at the dense foliage and realize that the plants have to get everything done in their short summer, and then survive the long, long winter with temperatures normally reaching –50ºC or colder.  River fish are also prolific, and people smoke loads of them in the summer and put them away for later eating.  Pike, here, is regarded as third-rate food!

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Marina and Xiahong, taking lake samples

On our second day here, June 19, we borrowed Nikita’s truck, a right-hand drive, five-speed 1990 Nissan diesel without seat belts, two wheel lugs short of a full set, and a starter motor with a “strong character”.  Nevertheless, it was a tough vehicle with a metal (rather than plastic) body, and it served us well on dirt roads with little maintenance.  We sampled six more lakes, each a short hike from the nearest road.  Marina came along and took samples for diatom analysis, too.

Marina is an expert in diatoms. She said that she has the second largest curation of diatoms of the world. We offered to have our students take some lake samples for her in Greenland later this summer.

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Galina shows Xiahong how she takes rain samples

After our return to the field camp, Galina showed us her precipitation sampling setup, and we discussed her protocols.  She’s very clear about the procedure and its rationale as well as the role of her sampling effort in the iisPACS project. We were very pleased with her meticulous style and reliability, and hope that the Cherskiy sampling continues long term.

On the morning of the 20th, we sampled the tributary river directly below the field station.  In the afternoon, Nikita took us on the 1-hour boat ride upriver to the Pleistocene Park, where we sampled two lakes, one flood plain lake a short walk from the river, and the other at the head of the river.  The park is one large-scale experiment to test the Zimov hypothesis about the possibility of supporting a grassland/grazer ecosystem in this cold polar environment.  From what we’ve seen, it seems to be working.  But then, our experience in using water isotopes to study polar climate doesn’t really qualify us to chime in on an ecology experiment, so take that with a grain of salt.

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The trip to the Pleistocene Park

On the last day, June 21, Nikita took us to Kolyma River. He drove down the tributary to  its junction with the Kolyma, and Xiahong sampled water in the middle of the larger river.

Cherskiy Arctic Research Station

Luckily, we bullied our way onto the 18 June flight to Cherskiy, regaining one of the days we lost. The airplane must be one of the oldest airplanes in service. The seats are terribly uncomfortable; there are no tray tables, and it is almost as loud as C130. However, unlike domestic American flights, we were served a full meal.

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Cherskiy Research Station

The purpose of our trip is to review precipitation sampling procedures and collect lake water samples at the Arctic field station in Cherskiy. The station is a private operation directed by Sergey Afanacievich Zimov, and run largely by Zimov’s family. Galina Zimova, Sergey’s wife is the one who has been taking precipitation samples for iisPACS and does a lot of logistics for various projects and visitors.

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Sergey Zimov

Nikita Zimov, Sergey’s son, met us at the airport and took us on the 10-minute drive to the field station, 4 km from the airport. We were housed in a guesthouse on the second floor, with some simple furniture and two small single beds with clean sheets. Downstairs there is a kitchen and a dining room; when there are only few visitors, the whole family and all visitors eat together in the dining room. Khalida, an Uzbek woman, does the cooking, and the food is wonderful.

The Zimov family has a lovely house overlooking the river, which is a tributary of the main river, the Kolyma. Nikita’s family, his wife and two little girls of 5 and 2, lives in another house in the same cluster. Their guest room is occupied by two Russian-American scientists, Evgeniy (Eugene) and Marina Potapov, both are biologists.

A couple more houses in the cluster are occupied by the Pleistocene Park staff.  The barge, that houses as well as transports about 30 students, is right below us on the tributary river. The station is expecting 30 visitors later this month, and most of them will live on the barge.

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Zimov’s family and visitors

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The barge that accommodate 30 people

Sergey is quite a character!  He’s incredibly knowledgeable about the region, and thoroughly enjoys expounding on his ideas about the changeover from the late Pleistocene ecosystem with grasslands and wooly mammoths to the modern Siberian boreal forests, and about the possibility of changing back to grasslands and large grazers, perhaps even cloned wooly mammoths.

Sergey confirms that the mosquitos here are, indeed, adequate in size and number to fly us back to Yakutsk.  The fare, however, would be all our blood.

Khalida and Xiahong

The food is wonderful! Three meals a day, and no meal was simple. We had rice, dumplings, noodles, etc, every day was different and fancy. The cook, Khalida, works around the clock. Sergey and Galina said that it is hard to find a good cook. I don’t blame them. The job is so demanding. She works 7 days a week, and 15-16 hours a day. If there is any break at all in the middle of the day, she looks at recipes! She really makes the life in Cherskiy, such a remote place, of high quality.

Yakutsk, Far East Siberia — Eric

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We arrived in Yakutsk early Friday 15 June, as expected, with two hours to make our connection to Cherskiy comfortably. However, with my brilliant calendar-reading capabilities, I thought it was still the 14th (the date on which our flight had left Moscow), and that we had to stay overnight and catch the Cherskiy flight the next morning. For some reason, Xiahong went along with my waning logical skills. We did wonder why we didn’t have a hotel reservation for Yakutsk, but we found a cab driver who took us to see a few hotels, and finally found a decent but overpriced hotel.

The next morning, Saturday (the 15th, I thought) we went to the airport bright and early, still thinking that everything was according to plan. With much discussion at the ticket desk, I finally caught on that it was the 16th, and we had missed our flight by 24 hours. The next flight out was not until Tuesday 19 June! We paid a 25% penalty to re-book for the 19th, and got our friendly cab driver, Naseem, a Kazakh, to schlep us back to town and find a hotel (which turned out to be the same as before).

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Eric is talking to the cab driver Naseem.

I do have an excuse for my flawed sense of time and date. We are staying overnight in four different time zones in the space of one week, with a total range of 16 hours. So the jet lag is serious. To make matters worse, it is light 24 hours a day above the Arctic circle, and even in Moscow it did not get completely dark at midnight. So our bodies do not get the visual cues they need to reset their internal clocks. This can leave anyone muddled enough to miss a flight! So here we are, in Yakutsk, with four full days to spend here cut out of the six days scheduled for Cherskiy, where we have work planned.

Yakutsk is a dusty, small city, the capital of the republic of Yakutia (now called Sakha) in the Far East part of Siberia. Half the population are Yakut, less than half are Russian, the smaller groups are from the Kazakh Republic and others. They all seem to interact and intermix seamlessly. The Yakuts look very much like Mongolians, and there are probably ancient connections through Genghis Khan and other travelers and conquerors.

When Yakuts find themselves in all-Yakut groups they speak their Yakut language – which some linguists say is Turkic – instead of Russian. We’ll have to check with Lenore about the linguistic connections, but I believe that Yakut is not similar to the Inuit languages we heard in Barrow and Greenland.

The people here are clearly more high-spirited than are the Muscovites. Young people socialize, chat, and laugh in the streets, whereas Moscow has a more austere atmosphere. In that sense, Yakutsk has a pleasant atmosphere. There are several museums and a theater. But more than one resident has complained that it is too small for them — “you can drive through the town in 5 minutes!” said one of them.

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It’s pretty hot here, going well above 30C in the afternoon and not cooling down much during the sunlit nights. It is hard to realize that a mere meter below the surface is the permafrost that regulates life here, where wintertime temperatures are normally around -40C and often drop to -50C, with records around -82C. There is still edible frozen mammoth meat buried in the permafrost. Some villages can be reached only in the winter, when travel over frozen rivers becomes an easy form of transportation. If you are outside your heated garage and you shut off your automobile engine, you can’t use your car again until spring arrives. Heavy fur coats are expensive but they are a necessity.

My Russian was rustier than I thought. I can say what I need to say, in very ungrammatical Russian, and make myself understood by listeners with enough patience. But nobody speaks slowly and clearly enough for me to understand very much. So a lot of hand gestures are necessary. Nevertheless, we’ve been getting by. Here and there we find someone who knows a bit of English, and that can be helpful.

We found out that there is a possibility that there is a flight to Cherskiy tomorrow, Monday 18 June, on which we may be able to use our tickets for the 19th (even though the airport staff denied it). So we’ll go to the airport and give it a try, but we’ll be prepared for the likelihood that we’ll have to come back into Yakutsk for one more day to wait for the flight on the 19th.

We’ve noticed a curious reticence to sell things, probably left over from the Communist-era work “ethic”. You ask for a hotel room. They say there’s none available; go try the next door hotel. Then you ask the same person if there’s a double room. Yes, but only one, at $200 per night. Is there anything less expensive? No, go try the hotel across the street. How about the $140 rooms, is one available. Yes … how many nights would you like to stay? It makes me feel like I’m in Alice’s Wonderland.